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Relative clauses (придаточные определительные предложения)
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Subject or object
Relative clauses give extra
information about a noun in the main clause.
Relative clauses begin with a
relative pronoun
(who, which, that, whom, whose).
The relative pronoun can refer to
the subject of the clause.
-That's the woman who bought my
car.
The woman (subject) bought my car
(object).
Or the relative pronoun can refer to
the object of the clause.
-This is the car that I used to
own.
I (subject) used to own the car
(object).
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Субъект
или объект
Придаточные
определительные предложения дают
дополнительную информацию о
существительном в главном
предложении.
Придаточные
определительные предложения
начинаются с относительного местоимения (кто,
что, тот, кого, чья).
Относительное
местоимение может относиться к
подлежащему в предложении.
-Это
женщина, которая купила машину.
Женщина
(субъект) купил свою машину (объект).
Или относительное местоимение может
относиться к дополнению в предложении.
-Это
автомобиль, который у меня был.
Я
(субъект) владел автомобилем (объект).
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Defining
• Defining clauses give
important information which tells us exactly what is being
referred to.
-The book which you lent me is
really good.
This indicates which book we are
talking about. Without the relative clause, it might be difficult
to understand the meaning.
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Определяющие
•
Определяющие предложения дают важную
информацию, которая говорит нам, что
именно имеется в виду.
-Книга,
которую вы предоставили мне действительно
хорошо.
Это указывает
на ту книгу,о которой мы говорим. Без
определяющего предложения, может
быть трудно понять смысл.
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Non-defining
• Non-defining clauses add
extra information. They are separated by commas in writing, and
by a pause on either side (where the commas are) in speaking. We
generally use which
not that
in non-defining clauses.
-The
book, which I hadn't read, was still on the shelf.
This gives extra information about the book.
We could miss out
the relative clause and the meaning would still be clear.
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Не
определяющие
•
Не определяющие предложения добавляют
дополнительную информацию. Они
разделены запятой в письменной форме,
и паузой с каждой стороны (там, где
запятые) в разговоре. Мы вообще
используем which
а
не
that
в не определяющие предложениях.
-
Книга, которую я не читал, по-прежнему
лежала на полке.
Это дает
дополнительную информацию о книге.
Мы могли опустить не
определяющее предложение,
но смысл все равно будет понятным.
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Omitting the
relative pronoun
• In a defining relative
clause we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object
of the clause.
-That's
the car (that) I used to own.
We cannot miss out the relative
pronoun if it is the subject of the clause.
-That's
the woman who bought my car.
• In a non-defining relative
clause we cannot leave out the relative pronoun.
-The
book, which I hadn't read, was still on the shelf.
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Опуская относительное
местоимение
• В
определяющем
предложении мы
можем опустить относительное
местоимение, если оно является
дополнением в предложении.
-Это
автомобиль, который у меня был.
Мы
не можем опустить относительное
местоимение, если оно является
подлежащим в предложении.
-Это
женщина, которая купила машину.
•
В не
определяющих предложениях
мы не можем опустить относительное
местоимение.
- Книга,
которую я не читал, по-прежнему лежала
на полке.
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Which, who and that
• That
instead of
which
When we talk about things, that
is often used instead of which in defining clauses. This
is very common in speech.
-Is
this the house that you bought?
• That
instead of who
When we talk about people, that
can be used instead of who in defining clauses.
-Have you met the boy that Sue is
going to marry?
• Which in non-defining
clauses
That cannot be used to
introduce a non-defining clause.
-The hotel, which was a hundred
years old, was very comfortable.
• Prepositions
That cannot be used
after a preposition.
-This is the car (that /
which) I paid £2000 for.
(speech)
-This
is the car for which I paid £2000. (formal)
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Который,
кто и что
• That
вместо which
Когда мы говорим
о вещах, That часто
используются вместо which
в определяющем предложении. Это очень
распространено в речи.
-
Это тот дом, который вы купили?
• That
вместо
who
Когда
мы говорим о людях,
that
может быть использовано вместо who
в определяющем предложении.
-Вы
встретили молодого человека, за
которого Сью выходит замуж?
•
Which
в не определяющих предложениях
That
не может быть использовано для введения
не-определяющего предложения.
-
Отель, которому было сто лет, был очень
удобен.
• Предлоги
That
не может быть использовано после
предлога.
-Это
автомобиль (за который) я заплатил £
2000.
(в
речи)
-Это
автомобиль ,за которую я заплатил
2000 фунтов стерлингов. (формально)
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Whom and whose
• Whom
is generally used in writing.
-Smith was one of the men whom
Jones had met earlier. (formal)
-Smith
was one of the men (that / who) Jones had met earlier.(speech)
Whom has to be used after
prepositions.
-This
is the person (who) I sold my car to. (speech)
-This
is the person to whom I sold my car. (formal)
• Whose
means of whom, and usually refers to people.
-This
is Jack. His sister is staying with us.
-This
is Jack, whose sister is staying with us.
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Кому и чьё
•
Whom , как
правило, используется в письменной
речи.
-Смит был одним
из мужчин, с которым Джонс встречался
ранее. (формально)
-Смит
был одним из мужчин ,(с которым) Джонс
встретился ранее. (в
речи)
Whom должно быть использовано после предлогов.
-Это
человек, (которому) я продал свой
автомобиль.(в речи)
-Это
человек, которому я продал свой
автомобиль. (формально)
•
Whose
означает чьё, и ,как правило, относится
к людям.
-Это Джек.
Его сестра остается с нами.
-Это
Джек, чья сестра остается с нами.
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Exercise
1: Fill
in: who,
whose, which or where.
My
school, 1) __________
is
called King Edward's, has about 2,000 students. My favourite teacher,
2)__________ is
called Mr Brown, teaches sport. The sports centre, 3)____________
I play
basketball and tennis, is the largest in the area. I walk to school
every day with my friend Mike, 4)____________ father
teaches History.
Exercise
2:
Make sentences as in the
example. Use relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Example:
A painter is someone who paints pictures.
• builder
/ someone / build houses • elephant /
animal / ears are big
• circus
/ place / can see acrobats
• tiger
/ animal / live in jungle
• supermarket
/ place / do shopping
Exercise 3 :
Fill in: who's or whose.
1
My
mother,_________
name
is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.
2
She's the
woman ________________married to an actor.
3
Celine is the
girl ______________brother
won the prize.
4
Helen is the
person______________car is outside our house.
5
Ann's the
one________________ a
History teacher.
6
Lucas is the
man ______________helping
us move house.
7
That's the
woman _____________son
just graduated from university.
8
.
______________concert
did you go to?
Exercise 4:
Fill
in the correct relative pronoun. What part of sentence is each,
subject or object? Write S for subject and О
for
object, then state if the relatives can be omitted or not in the box
provided.
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1
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Did you
see the man
__________stole
her bag?
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S
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not. omitted
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2
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The dress__________ Mary
bought yesterday is too big.
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3
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Please give me the keys______
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are on the table.
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4
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Is that the
man______________we saw in the park yesterday?
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5
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What's the name of the lady_____
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babysits your little sister?
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6
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Klaus
is playing with the dog____
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lives next door.
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7
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Have you eaten all the cakes_____
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I made yesterday?
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8
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How
old is the man___________
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owns that shop?
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9
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Have
you met the man_________
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Jackie is going to marry?
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10
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Let's
all look at the picture______
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is on page
7.
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11
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Has
Peter returned the money____
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he borrowed from you?
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12
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What
colour is the dress ______
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you're
going to wear tonight?
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Exercise
5 :
Write
one word for each space.
Hi Janet,
How are
you? I'm doing all right. I just wanted to tell you 1)______________ something exciting2)________
happened to me last
Saturday. Do you
remember Beth,
3)_____________party
we
went to last winter? Well,
I went
4) __________her
and her cousin to a
concert at Croke Park 5)___________my
favourite band, Nickelback, were playing. Anyway, her
cousin Rick knew someone
6) _________was
working backstage and he let us meet the band. He even invited us to a party
7) ______________the
band was going to after the concert. It was amazing! Now about the
weekend hiking trip - the reason 8)______
I can't come
is because my sister has asked me to take care of her children as
she's 9)______________ on
a business trip. I'm so
sorry. I was really 10)_____
forward to
it.
Write
and tell me your news,
Shelly
Exercise
6 :
Fill in the
appropriate relative, say whether the relative clauses are essential
or not to the meaning of the main sentence, then add commas where
necessary.
-
Paul
Stevens___________ starred in Days went to school with my brother.
-
The pen
__________ I left on that table has disappeared.
-
The
woman_________
repairs
our car is very friendly.
-
David
_________
grew
up in Canada speaks French fluently.
-
The
man _______car was stolen has gone to the police station.
-
Rye_________
my grandmother lives is near the sea.
-
Oleg_________car
has broken down is late for work.
-
The
Coliseum_________attracts many tourists is in Rome.
Exercise
7:
Fill in the
relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for
defining, ND for non-defining and if the relative can be omitted or
not in the box
provided.
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1
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Mr
Brown ,who__
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teaches
us French, comes from London.
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ND
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not omitted
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2
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The
girl___________
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I met on
the bus looks just like my sister.
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3
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Peter Smith_________
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had an accident is in
hospital.
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4
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The apples__________
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grow on these trees are
delicious.
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5
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This
lemon pie______
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I made
yesterday tastes great.
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6
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The
film__________
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I saw on TV last night was
very exciting.
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7
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My
friend Akim_____
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is a doctor works very long
hours.
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8
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John___________
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father is a lawyer has moved
to Paris.
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9
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The
sports centre____
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we play tennis is expensive.
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10
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The
vase .__________
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Susan gave me got broken.
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11
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The
summer______
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I went to Spain was really
hot.
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12
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The
car____________
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tyres are
flat is mine.
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13
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The
cafe___________
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I first met my husband has
closed down now.
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14
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Simon____________
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mother is a vegetarian
doesn't eat meat.
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15
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The
bakery_________
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is by my house sells
wonderful pies.
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Exercise
8:
a) Translate the sentences
into English.
1. Художник,
который нарисовал эту картину, жил в 19
веке.
2. Книга,
которую ты прочитал летом, действительно
очень увлекательная.
3. Катя,
чей брат учится в моем классе, выиграла
чемпионат мира.
b) Translate
the text into English.
Зоопарк - это
место, куда люди ходят с самого детства.
Животные, которых там можно увидеть,
представляют разные страны и континенты.
Люди, которые часто посещают зоопарк,
даже имеют там своих любимых животных.
В некоторых зоопарках животным можно
давать специальную еду, которая куплена
здесь же. День, когда вся семья идет в
зоопарк, обычно очень радостный, особенно
для детей.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
Exercise
1: 1)which
2)who 3)where 4)whose
Exercise
2:
1)Builder
is someone who/that builds houses
2) A
circus is a place where we can see acrobats.
3)A tiger
is an animal which/that lives in the jungle.
4)A
supermarket is the place where we do the shopping.
5)An
elephant is an animal whose ears are big.
Exercise
3:
1
My
mother,_whose________
name
is Elizabeth, is a piano teacher.
2
She's the
woman ___who's_____________married
to an actor.
3
Celine is the
girl __whose____________brother
won the prize.
4
Helen is the
person___whose___________car
is outside our house.
5
Ann's the
one___who's_____________
a History
teacher.
6
Lucas is the
man ___who's___________helping
us move house.
7
That's the
woman __whose___________son
just graduated from university.
8
.
___Whose
___concert did you go to?
Exercise
4:
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1) who /that (S- notomitted)
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6)which/that (S- not omitted)
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11)which/that
(O-omitted)
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16)who
/ that(S-not omitted)
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2)which/that
(O-omitted)
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7)which/that(O-omitted)
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12)which/that(O-omitted)
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17)which/that(S-not omitted)
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3)which/that(S- not omitted)
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8)who
/ that(S-not
omitted)
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13)who
/ that(S-not omitted)
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18)who/that (S- not omitted)
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4) who(m)
/ that(O-omitted)
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9)who(m)
/ that(O-omitted)
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14)which/that(S-not omitted)
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19)which/that (O-omitted)
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5)
who
/ that(S-not
omitted)
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10)which/that(S-not
omitted)
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15)who
/ that(S-not omitted)
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20)who(m)
/ that(O-omitted)
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Exercise
5:
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1)about
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3)whose
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5)where
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7)which
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9)going
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2)which
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4)with
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6)who
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8)why
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10)looking
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Exercise
6:
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1)who
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3)who/that
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5)whose
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7),whose...,
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2)which/that
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4),who.........,
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6),where....,
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8),which...,
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Exercise
7:
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1) who
(ND-not omitted)
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6)which/that(D-omitted)
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11)when
(D-omitted)
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2) who(m)
/ that (D-omitted)
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7),who...,(ND-not
omitted)
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12)whose(D-omitted)
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3),who...,
(ND-not omitted)
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8),whose...,(ND-not
omitted)
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13)where(D-omitted)
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4) which
/ that(D-omitted)
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9)where(D-omitted)
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14),whose...,(ND-not
omitted)
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5)
,which..,(ND-not omitted)
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10)which/that(S-not
omitted)
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15)which/that(D-omitted)
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Exercise
8:
Translation (suggested
answers)
a)1)
The artist who painted this picture lived in the
19th
century.
2) The
book you read in the summer is really very exciting.
3) Kate,
whose brother studies in my class, has won the world championship.
b) The
zoo is a place where people go from their childhood on. Animals which
you can see there come from different countries and continents.
People who often go to the zoo even have their favourite animals
there. In some zoos you can give the animals special food which has
been bought there. A day when the whole family goes to the zoo is
usually very jolly, especially
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
More exercises:
1)
Underline any
relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1 I think that my boss is the
person who
I admire most.
2 Harry, who was tired, went to
bed very early.
3 Were taking the train that
leaves at 6.00.
4 Have you seen the book that I
left here on the desk?
5 The film which we liked most was
the French one.
6 My radio, which isn't very old,
has suddenly stopped working.
7 The clothes which you left
behind are at the reception desk.
8 The couple who met me at the
station took me out to dinner.
9 Last week I ran into an old
friend who I hadn't seen for ages.
10 Don't cook the meat
2 )Replace
the relative pronouns in italics with that, where
possible.
1 This is the magazine which I
told you about.
2 John's flat, which is in the
same block as mine, is much larger.
3 The girl whose bag I offered to
carry turned out to be an old friend.
4 The policeman who arrested her
had recognized her car.
5 I work with someone who knows
you.
6 We don't sell goods which have
been damaged.
7 Brighton, which is on the south
coast, is a popular holiday resort.
8 I don't know anyone whose
clothes would fit you.
9 There's a cafe near here which
serves very good meals.
10 People who park outside get
given parking tickets.
3 )Underline
the most suitable word in each sentence.
1 My friend Jack, that I who /
whose parents
live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2 Here's the computer program that
/ whom / whose I told you about.
3 I don't believe the story that /
who / whom she told us.
4 Peter comes from Witney, that /
who / which is near Oxford.
5 This is the gun with that I whom
/ which the murder was committed.
6 Have you received the parcel
whom / whose / which we sent you?
7 Is this the person who I which /
whose you asked me about?
8 That's the girl that I who /
whose brother sits next to me at school.
9 The meal, that I which / whose
wasn't very tasty, was quite expensive.
10 We didn't enjoy the
play that / who / whose we went to see
4 )Put
one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where
possible.
The story so far:
Jane Piatt, (1).............is
travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only
person (2).....................witnesses a
murder at Victoria Station. The detective to
(3).....................she gives her
statement then disappears.Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter 4)..................... she had
received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon,
(5).....................
lives in South
America, has sent her a small box
(6).....................she is only to open
if in trouble. ) Jane, (7).....................parents
have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box,
(8).....................she gives to her
friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves,
(9).....................has not heard of
the Victoria Station murder, (10).....................was
not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered
man's ticket, (11).....................she
found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to
Redhill,(12).....................was the
town (1 3).....................the murdered
man had come from. On the train they meet a
man,(14).....................face is
somehow familiar to Jane, (15).....................says
he knows her Uncle Gordon.
5)
Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or
leave the space blank where possible.
1 My bike, ..........I had left at
the gate, had disappeared.
2 The shoes.....................I
bought were the ones.....................I tried on first.
3 The bag
in.....................the robbers put the money was found later.
4 The
medicine.....................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
5 Peter,.....................couldn't
see the screen, decided to change his seat.
6 I really liked that
tea.....................you made me this morning.
7 What was the name of your
friend.....................tent we borrowed?
8 The
flight.....................Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
.......................................................................................................................................................................
Answers:
1
1 who.
2 none. 3 none. 4 that. 5 which. 6 none. 7 which. 8 none. 9 who. 10
that.
2
1 that I told you
about. 2 not possible. 3
not possible. 4 that arrested her. 5 that
knows you. 6 that have been damaged. 7 not
possible. 8 not possible. 9 that serves
very good meals. 10 that park outside.
3
1 whose.
2 that. 3 that. 4 which. 5 which. 6 which.7 who. 8 whose. 9 which.10
that.
4
1 who.
2 who. 3 whom. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 which. 7 whose. 8 which. 9 who. 10
which. 11 which. 12 which. 13 blank. 14 whose.
15 who.
5
1 which.
2 blank, blank. 3 which. 4 blank. 5 who. 6 blank. 7 whose. 8 blank.
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